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Sophistical Refutations (Greek: Σοφιστικοὶ Ἔλεγχοι, romanized: Sophistikoi Elenchoi; Latin: De Sophisticis Elenchis) is a text in Aristotle's Organon in which he identified thirteen fallacies.cite-ref-1[note 1] According to Aristotle, this is the first work to treat the subject of deductive reasoning in ancient Greece (Soph. Ref., 34, 183b34 ff.).

• Overview

• Fallacies identified

• Footnotes

• References

• Further reading

• External links

On Sophistical Refutationscite-ref-sep-refutation-2-0[1]cite-ref-sep-aristotlelogic-3-0[2] consists of 34 chapters. The book naturally falls in two parts: chapters concerned with tactics for the Questioner (3–8 and 12–15) and chapters concerned with tactics for the Answerer (16–32). Besides, there is an introduction (1–2), an interlude (9–11), and a conclusion (33–34).cite-ref-krabbe-4-0[3]

The fallacies Aristotle identifies in Chapter 4 (formal fallacies) and 5 (informal fallacies) of this book are the following:

Fallacies in the language or formal fallacies (in dictionem):

1. Equivocation

2. Amphiboly

3. Composition

4. Division

5. Accent

6. Figure of speech or form of expression

Fallacies not in the language or informal fallacies (extra dictionem):

1. Accident

2. Secundum quid

3. Irrelevant conclusion

4. Petitio principii

5. False cause

6. Affirming the consequent

7. Fallacy of many questions

cite-note-1note 1. ↑ Sometimes listed as twelve.

cite-note-sep-refutation-21. ↑ citerefaristotletranslated-by-w-a-pickard-cambridgeAristotle; Translated by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge. "On Sophistical Refutations". Retrieved 2020-12-19.

cite-note-sep-aristotlelogic-32. ↑ citerefedward-n-zalta2000Edward N. Zalta, ed. (18 March 2000). "Aristotle's Logic, < Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy>". Retrieved 2020-12-19.

cite-note-krabbe-43. ↑ citerefkrabbe-e-c-w-2012Krabbe, E.C.W. (2012). "Aristotle's On Sophistical Refutations". Topoi. 31: 243–248. doi:10.1007/s11245-012-9124-0. S2CID 170350834.

• citerefgysembergh2023Gysembergh, Victor (2023). Forgotten Ancient Commentaries on Aristotle's Sphistical Refutations: Fragments of Aspasios, Herminos, Alexander, Syrianos and Philoponos. Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783111332666.

• Works related to Sophistical Refutations at Wikisource

• HTML Greek text via Greco interattivo

• Translated by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge

• Sophistical Elenchi public domain audiobook at LibriVox

• ChangingMinds.org: "Aristotle's 13 fallacies"

• citerefparryhacker1991Parry, William T.; Hacker, Edward A. (1991), Aristotelian Logic, SUNY Press, p. 435, ISBN 978-0-7914-0690-8